In a deliberately simplified initial approach, we can distinguish:
Solid tumours can be divided into 4 major categories which can also be combined.
They originate from the epithelium and represent approximately 90% of all cancer types.
We can distinguish:
- the origin of which is a malpighian epithelium:
- skin, oesophagus, head and neck epithelium, cervix uteri, lung,
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| Diagram of a malpighian carcinoma: in [a] mucosa, in [b] basal membrane, in [c] submucosa, in [d] muscularis mucosae. By clicking on the numbers, you can obtain the microscopic view of the lesion. In [1], normal epithelium. In [2], in situ carcinoma. In [3], microinvasive cancer. In [4], invasive carcinoma. In [5], abnormal mitosis. In [6], apoptotic cell. In [7], angiogenesis. |
- they originate from an exocrine or endocrine gland,
- breast, prostate, colon (most often mucinous), stomach, thyroid, lung,
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| Breast carcinoma | Hormonal receptors | Thyroid carcinoma |
excreto-urinary cancer or transitional carcinoma
- excretory urinary epithelium (ureter, bladder, uretra)
For most epithelioma, well or poorly differentiated forms can be described within a grading system, which endeavours to be as reproducible as possible between two observers.
- They originate from mesenchymal structures.
- fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, synoviolosarcoma,
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- They originate from central nervous system: glioma, ependymoma,
- or from other neurological systems: meninges (meningioma), nervous nodes (synmpathoblastoma), Schwann sheath (schwannoma), melanogenic system (melanoma) or diffuse endocrine system (apudoma).
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- Dysembryomas can be more or less mature: neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma, choriocarcinoma (placental, testicular, ovarian or extragonadal), immature teratoma.
They are classified according to the cell type from which they originate: leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma and so on (see haematology course).
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